import datetime
import json
import traceback
import threading

class LoggingMixin:
    """ 提供日誌功能的 Mixin 類別，可選擇寫入控制台或檔案 """
    
    def __init__(self, log_to_file=False, log_file="app.log", *args, **kwargs):
        self.log_to_file = log_to_file
        self.log_file = log_file
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def log(self, message):
        """ 記錄日誌 """
        timestamp = datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
        log_message = f"[{timestamp}] {self.__class__.__name__}: {message}"
        if self.log_to_file:
            with open(self.log_file, "a") as f:
                f.write(log_message + "\n")
        else:
            print(log_message)

class TimestampMixin:
    """ 提供時間標記功能，支援時區與 ISO 格式 """
    
    def __init__(self, timezone="UTC", *args, **kwargs):
        self.timezone = timezone
        self.created_at = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc).isoformat()
        self.updated_at = self.created_at
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def update_timestamp(self):
        """ 更新 updated_at 時間 """
        self.updated_at = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc).isoformat()
        self.log(f"更新時間標記: {self.updated_at}")

class DatabaseMixin:
    """ 提供資料儲存，支援 JSON 持久化、本機快取 """
    _database = {}

    def save(self):
        """ 儲存物件至模擬資料庫 """
        DatabaseMixin._database[self.name] = json.dumps(self.__dict__, default=str)
        self.log(f"資料已儲存: {self.name}")

    @classmethod
    def get(cls, name):
        """ 從資料庫中獲取物件 """
        data = cls._database.get(name, None)
        return json.loads(data) if data else None

class PermissionMixin:
    """ 提供基於角色的權限管理 (RBAC) """
    
    _roles_permissions = {
        "admin": ["create", "read", "update", "delete"],
        "editor": ["create", "read", "update"],
        "viewer": ["read"]
    }

    def __init__(self, role="viewer", *args, **kwargs):
        self.role = role
        self.permissions = self._roles_permissions.get(role, [])
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def has_permission(self, perm):
        """ 檢查是否擁有指定權限 """
        return perm in self.permissions

    def change_role(self, new_role):
        """ 更新角色權限 """
        self.role = new_role
        self.permissions = self._roles_permissions.get(new_role, [])
        self.log(f"角色變更為 {new_role}，新權限: {self.permissions}")

class EventMixin:
    """ 提供同步與非同步事件監聽 """
    _events = {}

    @classmethod
    def on(cls, event_name, callback, async_mode=False):
        """ 訂閱事件，支援同步或非同步 """
        if event_name not in cls._events:
            cls._events[event_name] = []
        cls._events[event_name].append((callback, async_mode))

    @classmethod
    def trigger(cls, event_name, *args, **kwargs):
        """ 觸發事件 """
        if event_name in cls._events:
            for callback, async_mode in cls._events[event_name]:
                if async_mode:
                    threading.Thread(target=callback, args=args, kwargs=kwargs).start()
                else:
                    callback(*args, **kwargs)

class ExceptionHandlingMixin:
    """ 提供異常處理與回復策略 """
    
    def handle_exception(self, func, *args, **kwargs):
        """ 捕獲異常並記錄 """
        try:
            return func(*args, **kwargs)
        except Exception as e:
            self.log(f"發生異常: {e}")
            traceback.print_exc()

class AuditMixin:
    """ 追蹤所有變更，提供完整審計歷史 """
    _audit_log = []

    def audit(self, action, details):
        """ 記錄審計日誌 """
        record = {
            "timestamp": datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc).isoformat(),
            "user": self.name,
            "action": action,
            "details": details
        }
        self._audit_log.append(record)
        self.log(f"審計記錄: {record}")

class User(LoggingMixin, TimestampMixin, DatabaseMixin, PermissionMixin, EventMixin, ExceptionHandlingMixin, AuditMixin):
    """ Grandmaster User 類別，擁有完整的日誌、權限、事件、異常處理與審計功能 """

    def __init__(self, name, role="viewer", log_to_file=False):
        super().__init__(role=role, log_to_file=log_to_file)
        self.name = name
        self.log(f"User '{self.name}' 已建立，角色: {self.role}")

    def update_name(self, new_name):
        """ 更新使用者名稱，並觸發事件與審計記錄 """
        self.audit("update_name", {"old_name": self.name, "new_name": new_name})
        self.log(f"名稱從 '{self.name}' 變更為 '{new_name}'")
        old_name = self.name
        self.name = new_name
        self.update_timestamp()
        self.trigger("user_updated", old_name, new_name)

# 測試範例
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # 訂閱事件（同步與非同步）
    def on_user_updated(old_name, new_name):
        print(f"🔔 使用者名稱變更通知: {old_name} → {new_name}")

    User.on("user_updated", on_user_updated)
    User.on("user_updated", lambda o, n: print(f"📡 非同步通知: {o} → {n}"), async_mode=True)

    # 建立使用者
    user1 = User("Alice", role="editor", log_to_file=True)
    user1.save()  # 儲存到模擬資料庫

    # 更新名稱
    user1.update_name("Alice_Wonderland")

    # 檢查權限
    print(f"Alice 是否有 'read' 權限？{user1.has_permission('read')}")
    print(f"Alice 是否有 'delete' 權限？{user1.has_permission('delete')}")

    # 變更角色
    user1.change_role("admin")

    # 從資料庫取得使用者
    retrieved_user = User.get("Alice_Wonderland")
    if retrieved_user:
        print(f"從資料庫取得使用者: {retrieved_user}")

    # 測試異常處理
    user1.handle_exception(lambda: 1 / 0)  # 觸發除零錯誤